Comprehensive Guide to Water Quality in Maryland: Contaminants, Issues, and Water Filtration Solutions

by Ryan Moreau / updated March 5th, 2025

Maryland, known as “America in Miniature” for its diverse landscapes, boasts an array of water resources ranging from the vast Chesapeake Bay to inland rivers and groundwater aquifers. Despite its abundant water bodies, the state faces significant water quality challenges due to agricultural runoff, urban development, and industrial activities. In this comprehensive guide, we explore the common contaminants in Maryland’s water, regional water quality challenges, and effective filtration solutions. Begin by using our Water Quality Tool to receive a customized analysis of your local water conditions.

Overview of Maryland’s Water Sources

Maryland’s water supply is as varied as its geography, encompassing coastal plains, rivers, and mountainous regions. Key sources include:

Chesapeake Bay and Its Tributaries: The Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary in the United States, with tributaries like the Patapsco, Severn, and Choptank rivers providing water for municipal use, recreation, and supporting diverse ecosystems.
Surface Water Sources: Rivers such as the Potomac, Patuxent, and Susquehanna are crucial for drinking water, agriculture, and industry.
Groundwater Aquifers: Many rural communities rely on groundwater from the Coastal Plain aquifers, which can vary in quality due to local geology and human activities.
Reservoirs and Lakes: Reservoirs like the Loch Raven and Liberty Reservoir supply drinking water to Baltimore and surrounding areas.

Managing these diverse water sources requires ongoing monitoring and advanced treatment solutions to ensure safety and sustainability for Maryland residents.

Common Water Quality Contaminants in Maryland

Maryland’s water bodies are susceptible to various contaminants from agricultural practices, urban runoff, and industrial discharges. To better understand what might affect your area, start with our Water Quality Tool and review these common issues:

1. Nitrates and Phosphates

Agricultural runoff is a significant source of nitrates and phosphates in Maryland’s waterways. Excessive use of fertilizers leads to nutrient pollution, which can cause harmful algal blooms affecting both human health and aquatic life.

Water Filtration Options for Nitrates and Phosphates: Reverse Osmosis Water Filters are effective in reducing nitrate levels.

2. Bacterial Contaminants

Bacterial contamination, including E. coli and coliform bacteria, is a concern especially in rural areas with failing septic systems or livestock operations. This can lead to gastrointestinal illnesses if ingested.

Water Filtration Options for Bacterial Contaminants: Reverse osmosis systems with UV disinfection, such as Reverse Osmosis Water Filters equipped with UV technology, can effectively eliminate bacteria.

3. Lead and Copper

Aging infrastructure in cities like Baltimore has resulted in lead and copper leaching into the water supply from old pipes. Prolonged exposure can cause serious health issues, particularly in children.

Water Filtration Options for Lead and Copper: Activated Carbon Water Filters and Reverse Osmosis Systems can reduce heavy metal concentrations.

4. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)

PFAS contamination has been detected in certain areas of Maryland, often linked to industrial sites and military bases where firefighting foams were used. PFAS are known as “forever chemicals” due to their persistence in the environment and potential health risks.

Water Filtration Options for PFAS: High-quality Activated Carbon Filters and Reverse Osmosis Systems can reduce PFAS levels.

5. Mercury

Mercury contamination can occur from industrial discharges and atmospheric deposition. This heavy metal poses significant health risks, including neurological damage.

Water Filtration Options for Mercury: Reverse Osmosis Water Filters are effective in removing mercury.

6. Sediment and Turbidity

Construction activities and soil erosion can increase sediment in water sources, affecting clarity and potentially harboring other pollutants.

Water Filtration Options for Sediment: Sediment filters, often integrated into Whole House Water Filters, can reduce turbidity.

7. Pesticides and Herbicides

Runoff from agricultural lands introduces pesticides and herbicides into waterways, which can have adverse effects on human health and the environment.

Water Filtration Options for Pesticides and Herbicides: Both Activated Carbon Filters and Reverse Osmosis Systems can reduce these contaminants.

8. Chlorination Byproducts

While chlorination is essential for disinfection, it can lead to the formation of disinfection byproducts like trihalomethanes (THMs), which may increase cancer risk over time.

Water Filtration Options for Chlorination Byproducts: Activated Carbon Filters can effectively reduce THMs.

9. Salinity and Saltwater Intrusion

Coastal areas of Maryland are experiencing saltwater intrusion into freshwater aquifers due to sea-level rise, leading to increased salinity in drinking water sources.

Water Filtration Options for Salinity: Reverse Osmosis Systems are effective at desalinating water.

Regional Water Quality Challenges in Maryland

Maryland’s distinct regions face unique water quality challenges influenced by geography, industry, and population density. Key challenges identified by the Maryland Department of the Environment (MDE) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) include:

1. Chesapeake Bay Watershed: Nutrient Pollution

The Chesapeake Bay suffers from nutrient pollution primarily due to agricultural runoff and wastewater treatment discharges. Excess nitrogen and phosphorus lead to algal blooms, dead zones, and loss of aquatic life (EPA – Chesapeake Bay TMDL).

2. Urban Areas: Stormwater Runoff

Cities like Baltimore and Annapolis face challenges with stormwater runoff carrying oil, heavy metals, and other pollutants into local waterways. Impervious surfaces exacerbate flooding and water contamination.

3. Rural Regions: Septic System Failures

In rural areas, failing septic systems contribute to groundwater contamination with bacteria and nitrates, posing health risks and impacting local wells.

General Water Characteristics in Maryland

Understanding Maryland’s water characteristics helps in selecting appropriate treatment solutions. Notable characteristics include:

1. Water Hardness

Water hardness in Maryland varies but is generally considered moderately hard. The presence of calcium and magnesium minerals can lead to scale buildup in pipes and appliances, reducing their efficiency and lifespan.

For households dealing with hard water, water softeners are recommended. If you’re unsure whether you need a water softener or which type suits your family’s needs, try our Water Softener Calculator for personalized guidance.

2. Acidic Water

Certain regions, especially in the mountainous western part of Maryland, have slightly acidic groundwater. Acidic water can corrode plumbing systems, leading to leaching of metals like lead and copper.

Corrosion Concerns: Acidic water accelerates the deterioration of pipes and fixtures.
pH Levels: Water with a pH below 7 is considered acidic and may require treatment.

To address acidity, consider installing an acid neutralizer to raise the pH and protect your plumbing.

3. Iron and Manganese

Elevated levels of iron and manganese are common in some Maryland groundwater sources, leading to staining of fixtures and a metallic taste in water.

Staining: Reddish-brown stains on sinks and laundry are a common sign.
Taste and Odor: High levels can impart an unpleasant taste and smell.

Whole house filtration systems with specific media can reduce iron and manganese levels, improving water quality throughout your home.

Utilizing the Water Quality Tool for Maryland Residents

Understanding your local water quality is crucial for ensuring safe drinking water. Our Water Quality Tool enables Maryland residents to:

Enter their zip code to access detailed analysis of local water quality reports
Identify common contaminants specific to their area
Receive personalized recommendations for effective filtration solutions

Local Water Testing Services in Maryland

Accurate water testing is essential to identify the specific contaminants in your water supply. We recommend using SimpleLab for comprehensive water quality analysis. Their easy-to-use kits and detailed lab reports help you make informed decisions about your water treatment needs.

Case Studies: Addressing Water Quality Issues in Maryland

Exploring real-world examples provides insight into effective solutions for Maryland’s water quality challenges:

1. Baltimore City: Infrastructure Upgrades

Baltimore has initiated programs to replace aging lead service lines and improve water treatment facilities. These efforts aim to reduce lead exposure and enhance overall water quality for residents.

2. Eastern Shore: Combating Nutrient Pollution

On the Eastern Shore, initiatives focus on reducing agricultural runoff through best management practices (BMPs), such as buffer strips and nutrient management planning, to protect the Chesapeake Bay.

3. Southern Maryland: Addressing Salinity Issues

Communities facing saltwater intrusion have implemented reverse osmosis desalination plants and upgraded well systems to provide safe drinking water despite rising salinity levels.

Call to Action

Maryland’s diverse water sources—from the Chesapeake Bay to groundwater aquifers—require proactive water quality management. Understanding local water challenges and implementing effective filtration solutions is essential for safeguarding your household’s health.

Start by entering your zip code into our Water Quality Tool for a detailed analysis of your water supply. Then, explore our filter review articles to find the most effective system for your needs. Finally, confirm your water’s safety with comprehensive water testing services to ensure you have the clean, safe water your home deserves.